Preheat oven to 350°F. Grease a 9x13-inch baking pan and line with parchment, leaving overhang for easy lifting.
In a bowl, toss 3 cups chopped rhubarb with 0.25 cup of the 1 cup sugar. Set aside to macerate and release juices.
In a large bowl, cream softened butter with the remaining 0.75 cup sugar until light and fluffy, 2 to 3 minutes. Beat in eggs one at a time, then mix in vanilla.
Whisk flour, baking powder, salt, and cinnamon in a separate bowl.
Add the dry ingredients to the butter mixture in two additions, alternating with the sour cream. Mix just until combined.
Fold in the macerated rhubarb and any juices. Spread batter evenly into the prepared pan.
Bake 40 to 45 minutes, until golden and a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean. Cool in the pan for 15 minutes.
Meanwhile, make the tangy sauce: In a saucepan, combine 2 cups chopped rhubarb, 0.75 cup sugar, orange juice, 0.25 cup water, orange zest, and 0.13 teaspoon salt. Bring to a gentle simmer over medium heat and cook 8 to 10 minutes, stirring occasionally, until rhubarb softens.
Stir cornstarch with 1 tablespoon cold water to make a slurry. Slowly add to the simmering sauce, stirring constantly. Cook 1 to 2 minutes until thick and glossy. Remove from heat; sauce will thicken further as it cools.
Serve warm slices of cake with warm or cooled tangy rhubarb sauce. Dust cake with powdered sugar if desired.
Notes
For cleaner slices, cool the cake completely and rewarm individual pieces as desired. If the sauce becomes too thick, thin it with a splash of orange juice or water just before serving.